Towards the standardisation of lung sound nomenclature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Auscultation of the lung remains an essential part of physical examination even though its limitations, particularly with regard to communicating subjective findings, are well recognised. The European Respiratory Society (ERS) Task Force on Respiratory Sounds was established to build a reference collection of audiovisual recordings of lung sounds that should aid in the standardisation of nomenclature. Five centres contributed recordings from paediatric and adult subjects. Based on pre-defined quality criteria, 20 of these recordings were selected to form the initial reference collection. All recordings were assessed by six observers and their agreement on classification, using currently recommended nomenclature, was noted for each case. Acoustical analysis was added as supplementary information. The audiovisual recordings and related data can be accessed online in the ERS e-learning resources. The Task Force also investigated the current nomenclature to describe lung sounds in 29 languages in 33 European countries. Recommendations for terminology in this report take into account the results from this survey.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.349 | 0.328 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.018 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.012 |
| Open science | 0.012 | 0.013 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".