The Volumetric Properties of Carbonyl Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide Mixtures from <i>T</i> = 322 to 393 K and <i>p</i> = 2.5 to 35 MPa: Application to COS Hydrolysis in Subsurface Injectate Streams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work describes an exploration of high-pressure acid gas chemical equilibria in CO 2 rich fluids aimed at subsurface injection for acid gas reinjection, carbon sequestration, or enhanced oil recovery. To develop the capability to calculate both physical and chemical equilibria involving COS under high-pressure injectate conditions, we have measured the density changes associated with mixing COS (1) and CO 2 (2) at temperatures between T = 322.91 and 393.25 K and up to p = 35 MPa. These density differences were used to calculate apparent molar volumes for COS, which were used to calibrate binary mixing parameters for high-accuracy reduced Helmholtz energy equations-of-state (γ ν,12 = 1.0496 and γ T,12 = 0.94085). The new mixing parameters were shown to reproduce low-temperature p – x phase behavior measurements reported in the literature. The optimized mixing parameters were then applied in a Gibbs Energy Minimization (GEM) routine to find the enthalpy of formation for COS from literature equilibrium measurements at atmospheric conditions (Δ f H 298.15K,0.1 MPa (COS) = 141.744 ± 0.803 kJ mol –1 ). The same GEM routine was used to explore the reaction of acid gases at applicable high-pressures. Results showed a decreased reaction of H 2 S + CO 2 at low-temperature and low-pressure, that is, COS hydrolysis is less favorable at high-pressure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".