Molecular phylogeny of black flies in the<i>Simulium tuberosum</i>(Diptera: Simuliidae) species group in Thailand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Black flies are medically and ecologically significant insects. They are also interesting from an evolutionary standpoint regarding the role of chromosomal change and ecological adaptation. In this study, molecular genetic markers based on multiple gene sequences were used to assess genetic diversity and to infer phylogenetic relationships for a group of cytologically highly diverse black flies of the Simulium tuberosum species group in Thailand. Ecological affinities of the species were also investigated. High levels of genetic diversity were found in cytological species complexes, S. tani and S. doipuiense, and also in S. rufibasis, which was cytologically nearly monomorphic. The results highlight the necessity of integrating multilevel markers for fully understanding black fly biodiversity. Phylogenetic relationships based on multiple gene sequences were consistent with an existing dendrogram inferred from cytological and morphological data. Simulium tani is the most distinctive taxa among the members of the S. tubersosum species group in Thailand based on its divergent morphological characters. Molecular data supported the monophyletic status of S. tani, S. weji, and S. yuphae, but S. doipuiense and S. rufibasis were polyphyletic, most likely due to incomplete lineage sorting and inadequate phylogenetic signals. Ecological analyses revealed that members of the S. tuberosum species group have clearly different ecological niches. The results thus supported previous views of the importance of ecology in black fly evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".