Soot Formation in Laminar Diffusion Flames of Diluted Ethylene in Air at Pressures up to 20 ATM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of dilution on soot formation and flame structure in nitrogenand carbon dioxide-diluted co-flow ethylene/air flames were studied experimentally at pressures up to 20 atm. A constant ethylene flow rate was maintained for all flames, and dilution rates were set at two ratios; 1:2 and 1:3 by mass (fuel to diluting gas ratio) at all pressures. For these dilution rates flames were stable and nonsmoking within the pressure range. The soot volume fractions and temperatures were measured by the spectral soot emission (SSE) technique. Maximum soot volume fractions were consistently lower in carbon dioxidediluted flames in the lower pressure range but approached similar values to those in nitrogen-diluted flames at 20 atm. This observation implies that the chemical soot suppression effect of carbon dioxide, previously demonstrated at atmospheric pressure, is also present at elevated pressures up to 15 atm, but fades off beyond 15 atm. Temperatures decreased with increasing pressure, and the peak temperatures were observed near the flame tips due to the heat release from soot oxidation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".