Thresholds of copper toxicity to lettuce in field-collected agricultural soils exposed to copper mining activities in Chile
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several previous studies highlighted the importance of using field-collected soils instead of artificially spiked contaminated soils for phytotoxicity tests.However, the use of field-collected soils presents several difficulties for interpretation of results, due to presence of various contaminants in the soil and unavoidable differences in the physicochemical properties of the tested soils.The objective of this study was to estimate thresholds of copper phytotoxicity in topsoils of 27 agricultural areas historically contaminated by mining activities in Chile.We performed standard emergence and early growth (21 days) tests (OECD 208 and ISO 11269-2) with lettuce.The response of lettuce was best explained by Cu toxicity and P deficiency.Growth of lettuce was related to soil total Cu concentration and Olsen-P and was not affected by soluble Cu (extractable by 0.1 M KNO 3 ) or Cu 2+ free ion activity of the soil solution.Thus, lettuce has a limited applicability for metal toxicity assessment in metalcontaminated soils, due to sensitivity of its response to P deficiency.However, it was possible to determine toxic thresholds for shoot concentrations of Cu in lettuce for responses of shoot and root length, suggesting that shoot concentrations of Cu in lettuce can be useful as indicators of Cu toxicity even in soils with a wide range of nutrient concentrations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it