Karyotype stability in the genus<i>Phaseolus</i>evidenced by the comparative mapping of the wild species<i>Phaseolus microcarpus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The genus Phaseolus L. (Fabaceae) is monophyletic and comprises approximately 75 species distributed into two principal clades. The five cultivated species, including the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), were placed in clade B. Clade A comprises only wild species, with more limited distribution. In the present work, bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) previously mapped in common bean (2n = 22) were used as probes in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in this comparative study of Phaseolus microcarpus (2n = 22), a species from clade A. We also analyzed the chromomycin A3 (CMA)/4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) banding pattern and the localization of rDNA and telomeric DNA sites. The single 45S rDNA site from P. microcarpus was mapped to chromosome 6, showing conservation to the P. vulgaris homeolog. Of the two 5S rDNA sites identified in both species, only the site on chromosome 10 appeared conserved. In spite of the phylogenetic distance between the two species, all of the single-copy BACs demonstrated conservation of synteny. However, four collinearity breaks were observed, probably caused by para- and pericentric inversions. Some variation in the repetitive fraction of the genome was also observed. Thus, a broader analysis of the genus confirms that few, rare inversions seem to represent the main karyotype changes during the evolution of this genus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".