Fluorescent Visualization of Germline Apoptosis in Living <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Visualization of apoptosis using fluorescent tools is quite straightforward in living Caenorhabditis elegans. Several transgenic lines are available that mark dying cells with fluorescent proteins, making it possible to quantify kinetics at various stages of the apoptotic process. Proteins required for the engulfment of cell corpses are particularly useful for detecting early apoptotic stages using this approach. For example, expression of the engulfment protein CED-1 fused to green fluorescent protein (CED-1::GFP) creates a halo around cells during early apoptosis, before their refractile morphology can be detected by differential interference contrast (DIC) optics. In addition, vital dyes such as acridine orange (AO) and SYTO-12 are selectively retained in apoptotic cells and can be used to visualize apoptosis in the germlines of living animals. It is also possible to use vital dyes in combination with transgenic strains expressing fluorescent markers of cell corpses to examine, in detail, multiple stages of apoptosis in vivo. Because of the high optical contrast of fluorescent reagents, apoptosis can be visualized even at low magnification, facilitating the use of screening platforms to identify apoptosis regulators. This protocol describes multiple uses of fluorescent reagents for visualization of germline apoptosis in living C. elegans, including AO staining, time-course studies using fluorescent proteins, and low-throughput screening of cell death genes using RNA interference (RNAi).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".