Electrochemical Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Featuring Proximal Reagent Generation: Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibodies in Clinical Samples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We describe a simple electrochemical immunoassay for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody detection that localizes capture and detection reagents in close proximity to a microelectrode. Antigenic peptides from HIV-1 gp41 or HIV-2 gp36 were covalently attached to a SU-8 substrate that also presented a template for the deposition of three-dimensional microelectrodes. The detection of HIV antibodies was achieved with an electrochemical immunoassay where an alkaline phosphatase conjugated secondary antibody reacts with p-aminophenyl phosphate (pAPP) to produce a redox-active product, p-aminophenol. The current derived from the oxidation of the reporter group increased linearly over a wide antibody concentration range (0.001-1 μg mL(-1)), with a detection limit of 1 ng mL(-1) (6.7 pM) for both HIV-1 and HIV-2. This level of sensitivity is clinically relevant, and the feasibility of this approach for clinical sample testing was also evaluated with HIV clinical patient samples, with excellent performance observed compared against a commercially available gold standard. This approach was used to develop the first electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HIV in clinical samples, and excellent performance relative to a gold standard test was achieved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".