The effect of TiO <sub>2</sub> surface modification on the photovoltaic properties of hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells based on MEH-PPV/CdS/TiO <sub>2</sub> active layer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this work, we present the synthesis details of uniform shape and size-controlled titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanorods followed by the deposition of cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots on their surface. The achieved surfactant-capped-TiO 2 nanorods as well as CdS/TiO 2 nanocomposites were dispersed in nonpolar solvents, which enabled an easy solution blending with poly (2-methoxy, 5-(2-ethyl-hexy-loxy)-p-phenyl vinylene) (MEH-PPV) conjugated polymer to prepare the active layer of bulk heterojunction solar cells (BHJSCs). The properties of the synthesized capped-TiO 2 nanorods, CdS/TiO 2 nanocomposites, as well as those of their corresponding blends with MEH-PPV were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-Visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) technique. The characterization of the effect of the surfactants (oleic acid, OA, olyamine, OM, and 6-aminohexanoic acid, 6AHA) left on TiO 2 surface and CdS surface modification on BHJSC photovoltaic power conversion efficiency (PCE) showed that: i) for the same surfactants, when CdS was added on the surface of TiO 2 nanorods, the PCE increased due to the higher efficiency of CdS compared to MEH-PPV; and ii) the best PEC was obtained with CdS/OA-6AHA-capped-TiO 2 nanocomposite due to the shortest length of the carbon-chain of 6AHA, leading to higher charge carrier mobility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".