Experimental and Theoretical Determination of Equilibrium Interfacial Tension for the Solvent(s)–CO<sub>2</sub>–Heavy Oil Systems
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Equilibrium interfacial tension (IFT) between heavy oil and CO 2 with the addition of C 3 H 8 and/or n -C 4 H 10 has been experimentally and theoretically determined. Experimentally, an axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) technique is used to measure both the dynamic and equilibrium IFTs between heavy oil and three pure solvents (i.e., CO 2, C 3 H 8, and n -C 4 H 10 ) together with seven solvent mixtures. Theoretically, the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) with a newly developed α function has been incorporated into a mechanistic parachor model to determine the equilibrium IFTs between heavy oil and pure solvents together with their corresponding mixtures. The addition of C 3 H 8 and/or n -C 4 H 10 into CO 2 stream leads to an obvious reduction of IFT between heavy oil and CO 2, although the degree of reduction depends upon the added amount of rich solvent(s). The mechanistic parachor model with the optimized parachor of the heavy oil and mass-transfer exponent provides a qualitative agreement with the measured equilibrium IFTs between solvent(s) and heavy oil in the liquid–vapor phase region.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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