Crystal Morphology of Hydrogenated Castor Oil in the Crystallization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions: Part I. Effect of Temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crystallization of hydrogenated castor oil-in-water emulsions has been studied by polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Three types of crystal morphologies have been observed: rosettes, fibers, and irregular crystals. The energy barrier to nucleation for fibers is suggested to be higher than that of rosettes. Irregular crystals are thermodynamically less stable and tend to transform into stable polymorphs. Under isothermal crystallization at a temperature of 70 °C, mainly rosettes are observed. With an increase of supercooling, by decreasing the temperature to 55 °C, more fibers form due to a lower energy barrier to nucleation. If the crystallization temperature is set to 45 °C, irregular crystals form first and then transform into rosettes. A nonisothermal crystallization study shows that at a cooling rate of 1 °C/min, more rosettes and fibers are produced compared to a higher cooling rate of 5 °C/min, which produces more irregular crystals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".