Effect of Freeze/Thaw Cycles on the Performance and Microstructure of Cement-Treated Soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the performance and structural changes in cement-treated soils under influence of freeze/thaw (f/t) exposure are investigated. Specimens from plastic and compacted soil-cement mix designs were exposed to different f/t scenarios to study the influence of f/t dimensionality (i.e., one-dimensional versus three-dimensional exposure) and specimens’ age at the time of f/t exposure on changes in their performance. Changes in hydraulic conductivity, unconfined compressive strength, and longitudinal resonant frequency of the specimens were studied under each exposure scenario. An examination of the microstructure of the f/t exposed and control specimens using transmitted light optical microscopy was also performed to evaluate how the soil-cement matrix was disrupted after exposure to f/t cycling. Observations showed increases in water content of the mix design (when wet of optimum water content), as well as increased specimen age at the time of exposure may increase f/t susceptibility. On the other hand, comparison of the performance of the specimens exposed to 1D and 3D f/t exposure did not show any significant variation. Microstructural analysis of petrographic thin section samples from control and f/t exposed specimens showed that while optical microscopy can detect matrix disintegration for highly damaged specimens, it is not able to identify structural degradation at early stages of damage development.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".