Influencing Fatty Acids Composition of Yeasts by Lanthanides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The growth of microorganisms is affected by cultivation conditions, concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources and the presence of trace elements. One of new possibilities of influencing the production of biomass or lipids is the use of lanthanides. Lanthanides are biologically non-essential elements with wide applications in technology and industry and their concentration as environmental contaminants is therefore increasing. Although non-essential, lanthanides have been proposed (and even used) to produce beneficial effects in plants but their mechanisms of action are unclear. Recently, it was suggested that they may replace essential elements. We tested the effect of low concentrations of lanthanides on traditional biotechnologically useful yeast species (Kluyveromyces polysporus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulospora delbrueckii), and species capable of high accumulation of lipids (Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida sp., Yarrowia lipolytica). Growth characteristics were determined in the above yeast strains cultivated with different lanthanides or monazite (calculated to lanthanum proportional content) concentrations (0.03; 0.3; 1; 3 mg/L). The cultivations were carried out for 96 h (until early stationary phase), cultivation temperature was 30 C. The fatty acids extraction was based on the method of Bligh and Dyer (1959). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of fatty acid picolinyl esters was done on a GC-MS system.The lanthanides in selected concentration did not have any significant inhibitory effect on yeast growth and some of them even showed a stimulatory effect. Low concentrations of some lanthanides were conducive to an increase in biomas and also higher production of palmitoleic acid, commonly used in cosmetics and medicine, and 6-linoleic acid which is a precursor of thromboxanes, prostaglandins and leucotrienes. Lanthanum enhanced the cell biomass of T. cutaneum by as much as 150% and other individual selected lanthanides (lanthanum, praseodymium, gadolinium and monazite as a naturally occurring mixture of lanthanides) in the range of 23 and 57 %. Cultivation with monazite increased the cell biomass in Candida sp., R. glutinis and T. cutaneum by 30 -40% and in Y. lipolytica by 60%. A sizable increase in lipid content occurred upon addition of praseodymium and lanthanum to K. polysporus (from 5 % to 9 %), Candida sp. (from 35 % to 43 %), Y. lipolytica (from 18 % to 25 %) and a 10-fold higher concentration of monazite (3 mg/l) boosted the increase of lipid content by some 50% compared to the effect of 0.3 mg/l. The highest increase of the palmitoleic and linoleic acid content was brought about by lanthanum, and in some strains by monazite irrespective of its concentration. The highest yield of palmitoleic and linoleic acid, in excess of 300 mg/g, was obtained by culturing T. cutaneum with lanthanum and monazite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".