Importance of Interlayer Equivalent Pores for Anion Diffusion in Clay-Rich Sedimentary Rocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The anion exclusion behavior in two different clay stones, Opalinus Clay (OPA) and Helvetic Marl (HM), was studied using a well-established experimental through-diffusion technique. The ionic strength of the pore water was varied between 0.01 and 5 M to evaluate its effect on the diffusion of HTO and 36 Cl – . The total porosity determined by HTO-diffusion was independent of the ionic strength, while the anion accessible porosity varies with the ionic strength of the pore water. In the case of Opalinus Clay, the anion accessible porosity increases from 3% at low ionic strength (0.01 M) up to 8.4% at high ionic strength (5 M), whereas the anion accessible porosity of Helvetic Marl increases from 0.6% up to only 1.1%. The anion exclusion effect in HM is thus more pronounced than that in OPA, even at high ionic strength. This observation can be correlated to differences in mineralogy and to the fact that HM has a larger fraction of interlayer equivalent pores. Interlayer equivalent pores are small pores in compressed clay stones that are small enough to have, because of overlapping electric double layers, properties similar to those of interlayers and are therefore rather inaccessible for anions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".