GCLs with factory-applied bentonite below geomembrane wrinkle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydraulic performance of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) panels with a geotextile impregnated with factory-applied bentonite that are overlapped by 300 mm to form a seam is reported for when a wrinkle in an overlying geomembrane intersects the underlying GCL seam. Two GCLs with impregnated bentonite are examined. It is shown that the details of how a GCL is needle-punched can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of seams formed using bentonite impregnated in the cover geotextile. In one case, the hydraulic performance was quite good. In the second case, the impregnated bentonite was not sufficient to seal the unstressed portion of the seam. However, 400 g/m of powdered supplemental bentonite piled along the centre of the seam provided an adequate seal and decreased the flow by orders of magnitude. The results show the validity of manufacturers’ recommendations that stress be applied to the overlap or, if used in a composite liner, that the geomembrane be installed with no wrinkles. If these recommendations cannot be followed, then the reported experiments show that about 400 g/m of powdered supplemental bentonite piled along the centre of the seam resolved the issue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".