Dipole Orientation Matters: Longer-Circulating Choline Phosphate than Phosphocholine Liposomes for Enhanced Tumor Targeting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zwitterionic phosphocholine (PC) liposomes are widely used in drug delivery because of their high biocompatibility and long blood circulation time. We herein report that by flipping the direction of the PC dipole, the resulting choline phosphate (CPe) liposomes have an even longer circulation time, as confirmed at both cellular and animal-model levels. Even when 33% cholesterol was included in the lipid formulation with a poly(ethylene glycol) layer, the CPe liposome still had a longer blood circulation time. Isothermal titration calorimetry indicates a lack of protein adsorption or PC membrane attachment for the CPe liposomes. This is different from the previously reported adhesion of CP polymers to PC lipid membranes, which may be attributed to the different ways of displaying the CP headgroup. With a longer blood circulation time, the CPe liposomes accumulated in tumors more easily than PC liposomes, which is likely due to the enhanced permeation and retention effect and tumor cell uptake. This study provides key insights into zwitterionic biointerfaces for biomedical, analytical, and materials applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".