Two Herbicides in a Single Compound: Double Salt Herbicidal Ionic Liquids Exemplified with Glyphosate, Dicamba, and MCPA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) have been demonstrated to have potential as highly effective herbicides that may also have different modes of action that their neutral precursors. Here, double salt herbicidal ionic liquids (DSHILs) containing at least two herbicidal anions selected from glyphosate, dicamba, or 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate (MCPA) paired with ammonium or phosphonium cations are reported along with their post-emergence herbicidal activity against several plant species, from both greenhouse and field study-based bioassays. The novel DSHILs were shown to integrate the advantages of two different herbicides into a single HIL, enhance herbicidal efficacy, and reduce the risk of weed resistance due to the various modes of action of the applied treatment. The formation of the DSHILs dramatically reduced melting points and modified the compound solubilities compared to the parent herbicides. Statistical analyses for the greenhouse efficacy tests demonstrated that DSHILs had significant positive differences against winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and white mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) as compared to commercial formulations. Biodegradability studies were also performed on selected DSHILs, and the compounds were found to be not readily biodegradable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".