Evidence for marine biogenic influence on summertime Arctic aerosol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present vertically resolved observations of aerosol composition during pristine summertime Arctic background conditions. The methansulfonic acid (MSA)‐to‐sulfate ratio peaked near the surface (mean 0.10), indicating a contribution from ocean‐derived biogenic sulfur. Similarly, the organic aerosol (OA)‐to‐sulfate ratio increased toward the surface (mean 2.0). Both MSA‐to‐sulfate and OA‐to‐sulfate ratios were significantly correlated with FLEXPART‐WRF‐predicted air mass residence time over open water, indicating marine‐influenced OA. External mixing of sea salt aerosol from a larger number fraction of organic, sulfate, and amine‐containing particles, together with low wind speeds (median 4.7 m s −1 ), suggests a role for secondary organic aerosol formation. Cloud condensation nuclei concentrations were nearly constant (∼120 cm −3 ) when the OA fraction was <60% and increased to 350 cm −3 when the organic fraction was larger and residence times over open water were longer. Our observations illustrate the importance of marine‐influenced OA under Arctic background conditions, which are likely to change as the Arctic transitions to larger areas of open water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".