Feline leukocyte adhesion (<scp>CD</scp>18) deficiency caused by a deletion in the integrin β<sub>2</sub>(<i><scp>ITGB</scp>2</i>) gene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) or CD18 deficiency is an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency which has been described in people, cattle, dogs, and knockout mice. OBJECTIVES: The study goals were to characterize the clinicopathologic, immunologic, and molecular genetic features of feline LAD (FLAD) in a neutered male adult Domestic Longhair cat with severe leukocytosis and recurrent infections. METHODS: subunit (ITGB2) gene. RESULTS: The affected cat developed periodontitis during the first months of life followed by recurrent infections poorly responsive to antibiotic therapy, accompanied by extreme neutrophilia. Neutrophils from the proband, compared to feline controls, did not express any CD18 on the cell surface. Adhesion of affected neutrophils was severely impaired with and without phorbol-myristate-acetate activation. The proband's T-cells proliferated weakly to 1 pg but normally to 100 pg staphylococcal enterotoxin A, suggesting a CD18-independent T-cell response at higher doses. Molecular genetic analysis of the ITGB2 gene revealed a 24 bp deletion at the exon 2 to intron 2 boundary (c.46_58 + 11del), predicting premature translational termination due to abnormal splicing of exon 1 to exon 3 or 4. CONCLUSIONS: Feline LAD exhibits features similar to LAD in other species. However, clinical episodes in FLAD appeared milder allowing for an extended life expectancy under long-term antimicrobial therapy, possibly due to an alternative, CD18-independent T-cell proliferation pathway.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".