Overexpressed wild-type superoxide dismutase 1 exhibits amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-related misfolded conformation in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived spinal motor neurons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset, fatal disorder in which motor neurons selectively degenerate. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) was found to be a causative gene of familial ALS, and mutant SOD1 transgenic mice recapitulated ALS phenotypes. Analysis of these mice showed accumulation of misfolded SOD1 protein in motor neurons. Misfolded SOD1 accumulation was found in spinal motor neurons of both familial ALS patients with the SOD1 mutation and sporadic ALS patients. However, it is unclear what condition causes wild-type SOD1 misfolding in patients without the SOD1 mutation. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells from mutant SOD1 transgenic mice, wild-type SOD1 transgenic mice, and control mice, and differentiated them into spinal motor neurons to analyze misfolded SOD1 accumulation. We found that misfolded SOD1 protein was accumulated in spinal motor neurons of both mutant and wild-type SOD1 transgenic mice as detected by a specific antibody against the misfolded conformation of SOD1. These results suggest that an increased expression level of wild-type SOD1 may accelerate the ALS pathology and that our in vitro model would be a useful tool for misfolded SOD1 research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".