Composition and shear crystallization of milkfat fractions extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Milkfat was fractionated at 40°C using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) at pressures of 10, 15, and 20 MPa. Fractions were collected for 6 h at each pressure and evaluated for extraction yield, fatty acid composition, thermal transition temperatures, and shear crystallization behavior. The mass extraction yields at 10, 15, and 20 MPa were 34%, 26%, and 33%, respectively, with the remaining raffinate representing ~7% of the starting milkfat. As a function of time within each successive pressure, there was a decrease in the proportion of short-chain (C4–C8), medium-chain (C10–C14), and total saturated fatty acids as well as an increase in long-chain (C18–C18:2) and total unsaturated fatty acids extracted. Shear showed little effect on the growth behavior of any fractions, but showed large effects on nucleation onset. This study showed that the composition and crystallization behavior of fractionated milkfat can be greatly tailored based on supercritical CO2 pressure and extraction time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".