Genomic characterization of IMP and VIM carbapenemase-encoding transferable plasmids of Enterobacteriaceae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: IMP and VIM carbapenemases, in association with class 1 integrons, have spread globally among multiple Enterobacteriaceae species. We characterized IMP- and VIM-encoding transferable plasmids of clinical Enterobacteriaceae collected from two global surveillance programmes. Methods: We performed conjugation and transformation experiments for 38 IMP and 89 VIM producers. Plasmids, obtained from transconjugants or transformants, were sequenced with Illumina next-generation sequencing and analysed for replicon types and antimicrobial resistance genes. Results: A total of 41 transconjugants (blaIMP, n = 22; blaVIM, n = 19) and 10 transformants (blaIMP, n = 1; blaVIM, n = 9) were obtained. Broad-host-range IncL/M, IncC and IncN plasmids were associated with blaIMP and blaVIM, contained various integrons and showed inter-species and international distribution. Narrow-host-range IncFII(K) plasmids were limited to Klebsiella pneumoniae with blaIMP-26 from the Philippines, while IncR and IncHI1B-IncFIB(Mar) plasmids were restricted to K. pneumoniae with blaVIM from Greece and Spain. IncA-like hybrid plasmids were detected in Enterobacter xiangfangensis from Italy and K. pneumoniae from Spain. Transferable plasmids were major contributors of antimicrobial resistance genes among Enterobacteriaceae with blaIMP and blaVIM. Conclusions: This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, describing blaIMP on IncFII(K) plasmids and blaVIM on IncL/M, IncN2, IncHI1B-IncFIB(Mar) and IncX3-IncC-like plasmids and showed that broad-host-range and narrow-host-range plasmids have contributed to the global spread of blaIMP and blaVIM among different species. This study highlights the importance of molecular analysis of plasmids in providing insight into horizontal spread of these carbapenemases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".