Electrochemical Detection of Isoform‐Specific Interaction between Apolipoprotein E and Amyloid‐β
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) including amyloid‐β (Aβ) in the brain. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays a key role in the homeostasis of cholesterol and other lipids in blood circulation. The interaction between ApoE and Aβ has been implicated in the pathological progression of AD. In this study, the interaction of three isoforms of ApoE4, ApoE3 and ApoE2 with Aβ 1–40 and Aβ 1–42 peptides was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Interactions between Aβ peptides and ApoE isoforms were determined by monitoring the changes in ΔR ct of Nyquist plots. The affinity between Aβ 1–40 and Aβ 1–42 and ApoE isoforms interpreted from EIS data followed the trend: ApoE4>ApoE3>ApoE2. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the binding affinity (K D ) constants for the interaction of ApoE4 with Aβ 1–40 and Aβ 1–42 peptides were determined as 185±21 nM and 156±18 nM, respectively, in agreement with our electrochemical results. Our proof‐of‐principle study demonstrates that EIS provides a promising platform for the investigation of protein‐protein interactions implicated in AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".