Reactive oxygen species modulate immune cell effector function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract During an infection or carcinogenesis, the stimulation of immune cells may lead to elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and this oxidative stress can cause damage to the cell. Interestingly, previous reports have shown that ROS produced through cell activation play a critical role as signaling messengers in immune responses. Yet, little is known in regard to the role of ROS in natural killer (NK) cell effector functions. Our data suggest that the levels of ROS increase in NK cells upon stimulation. Therefore, we hypothesize that, upon stimulation of NK cells, ROS accumulate and provide positive signaling that leads to the upregulation of NK cell effector functions. To test this hypothesis, we examined NK cell function and proliferation in Glrx2-deficient mice in which the ROS levels are elevated in the mitochondrial matrix due to a defect in the redox system. We found that lack of Glrx2 in NK and T cells does not improve their cytotoxic potential or their ability to produce IFNg. However, Glrx2-deficient NK cells showed enhanced proliferation when stimulated with IL-2, indicating that during prolonged stress, the elevated levels of ROS drive NK cells to undergo robust cell division. This finding will elucidate a link between the levels of ROS and immune cell proliferation during viral infection and carcinogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".