Genetically encoded fluorescent indicators for imaging intracellular potassium ion concentration
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Potassium ion (K + ) homeostasis and dynamics play critical roles in biological activities. Here we describe three genetically encoded K + indicators. KIRIN1 (potassium ( K ) i on r atiometric in dicator) and KIRIN1-GR are Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based indicators with a bacterial K + binding protein (Kbp) inserting between the fluorescent protein FRET pairs mCerulean3/cp173Venus and Clover/mRuby2, respectively. GINKO1 ( g reen in dicator of K + for o ptical imaging) is a single fluorescent protein-based K + indicator constructed by insertion of Kbp into enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). These indicators are suitable for detecting K + at physiologically relevant concentrations in vitro and in cells. KIRIN1 enabled imaging of cytosolic K + depletion in live cells and K + efflux and reuptake in cultured neurons. GINKO1, in conjunction with red fluorescent Ca 2+ indicator, enable dual-color imaging of K + and Ca 2+ dynamics in neurons and glial cells. These results demonstrate that KIRIN1 and GINKO1 are useful tools for imaging intracellular K + dynamics.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it