Archaeal and bacterial thermostable amylopullulanases: characteristic features and biotechnological applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Amylopullulanases are endoacting bifunctional enzymes capable of hydrolyzing α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in starch, amylose, pullulan, amylopectin and related oligosaccharides. These enzymes possess single or dual active site(s) for cleaving α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds; the former are called amylopullulanases, and the latter, α-amylase-pullulanases. These are grouped into GH13 and GH57 families based on the architecture of the catalytic domain and the number of conserved sequence regions. The amylopullulanases/α-amylasepullulanases are produced by bacteria as well as archaea, and among them, thermophilic and hyperthermophilic species are the major producers. The thermostable amylopullulanases find application in one-step starch liquefaction-saccharification to form various sugar syrups and maltooligosaccharides. The starch saccharification process catalysed by amylopullulanases minimizes the use of other amylolytic enzymes, like α-amylase and glucoamylase, thereby reducing the cost of sugar syrups. The enzymes also find applications in bread making as an anti-stale and as a detergent additive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".