Archaeal and bacterial thermostable amylopullulanases: characteristic features and biotechnological applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Amylopullulanases are endoacting bifunctional enzymes capable of hydrolyzing α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in starch, amylose, pullulan, amylopectin and related oligosaccharides. These enzymes possess single or dual active site(s) for cleaving α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds; the former are called amylopullulanases, and the latter, α-amylase-pullulanases. These are grouped into GH13 and GH57 families based on the architecture of the catalytic domain and the number of conserved sequence regions. The amylopullulanases/α-amylasepullulanases are produced by bacteria as well as archaea, and among them, thermophilic and hyperthermophilic species are the major producers. The thermostable amylopullulanases find application in one-step starch liquefaction-saccharification to form various sugar syrups and maltooligosaccharides. The starch saccharification process catalysed by amylopullulanases minimizes the use of other amylolytic enzymes, like α-amylase and glucoamylase, thereby reducing the cost of sugar syrups. The enzymes also find applications in bread making as an anti-stale and as a detergent additive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".