Ionic liquid‐mediated aqueous two‐phase system to enhance the partitioning of lignin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) is a promising and efficient alternative platform for the extraction, separation, and purification of biomolecules and bioproducts. In this work, four different imidazolium‐based ionic liquids with Cl − as anions and with different cations with aqueous Na 2 CO 3 (inorganic salt) acting as the salting out agent were used to form the ATPS for the partitioning of lignin. The effects of the cation core and the length of the alkyl side chain of the ionic liquids on the formation of the ATPS were investigated using the phase diagram determined by the cloud point titration method, and the corresponding tie lines were measured and reported. It was found that the hydrophobicity of the ionic liquids plays a major role in the phase formation. The effects of the concentrations of IL, Na 2 CO 3 , and lignin as well as temperature on the partition coefficient and the extraction efficiency of lignin in the IL‐mediated ATPS were investigated, and the optimum conditions were established. It was found that the high extraction efficiency (∼99 %) and partition coefficient (∼47) of lignin in the IL‐mediated ATPS were achieved with the following parameters: Na 2 CO 3 40 % (w/w); [HMIM]Cl 0.4 mol/L; lignin 0.006 mol/L; and at a temperature of 328 K. The thermodynamic study on lignin partitioning in the IL‐mediated ATPS was also investigated by varying the temperature range from 298–328 K, from which it was observed that the partitioning of lignin in the ATPS increases with an increase in temperature. This suggests that the process is endothermic in nature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".