Effect of the vertical stress on <scp>CO</scp><sub>2</sub> flow behavior and permeability variation in coalbed methane reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Given that in situ stress evolution is of great importance in characterizing coalbed methane reservoirs during gas production, CO2 sequestration, and reservoir fracturing, a series of laboratory measurements were conducted to investigate the role of the vertical stress on gas flow behavior and permeability evolution of San Juan Basin coal. Due to the difficulty in maintaining a steady‐state flow when testing coals with tight structure, the pressure transient technique was employed and experiments were conducted under different boundary conditions: uniaxial strain condition and lateral stress‐controlled condition. The results indicated that the vertical stress has a negative role in permeability enhancement. To verify this finding, one more set of experiments under the vertical stress‐controlled condition was carried out. In addition, the application of CO2 injection on reservoir fracturing was theoretically analyzed. The results indicated that both CO2 injection and the vertical stress can exert positive effects on reservoir fracturing. This study contributes to the understanding of the effect of the vertical stress on permeability variation during CO2 injection, which has practical significance for permeability modeling and reservoir fracturing operation in the field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".