Chloride Dysregulation through Downregulation of KCC2 Mediates Neuropathic Pain in Both Sexes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The behavioral features of neuropathic pain are not sexually dimorphic despite sex differences in the underlying neuroimmune signaling. This raises questions about whether neural processing is comparably altered. Here, we test whether the K + -Cl − co-transporter KCC2, which regulates synaptic inhibition, plays an equally important role in development of neuropathic pain in male and female rodents. Past studies on KCC2 tested only males. We find that inhibiting KCC2 in uninjured animals reproduces behavioral and electrophysiological features of neuropathic pain in both sexes and, consistent with equivalent injury-induced downregulation of KCC2, that counteracting chloride dysregulation reverses injury-induced behavioral and electrophysiological changes in both sexes. These findings demonstrate that KCC2 downregulation contributes equally to pain hypersensitivity in males and females. Whereas diverse (and sexually dimorphic) mechanisms regulate KCC2, regulation of intracellular chloride relies almost exclusively on KCC2. Directly targeting KCC2 thus remains a promising strategy for treatment of neuropathic pain in both sexes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".