The Dynamics of Doctoral Candidates and Post-doctorates in Life Sciences in Europe and the United States
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper studies the origin and destination of doctoral candidates and post-doctorates in life sciences in Europe, and gives some elements of comparison for the United States, with a combination of three data sources (Eurostat and NetReAct data for Europe, NSF data for the U.S.). We find that the number of doctoral graduates in life sciences in the EU is higher than in the U.S. (9,000 against 6,000) but the proportion of foreigners is lower in the EU (17% against 29%). The number of postdoctorates in life sciences is more or less the same in the EU and the U.S. (19,000 against 18,000) but the EU attracts less foreign postdoctorates than the U.S. (25% against 57%). 76% of doctoral graduates in life sciences from EU universities continue to work in the EU after graduation whereas 12% go to the U.S. or Canada, and another 12% go to another country. For postdoctorates from EU universities, percentages are more or less the same (76% stay in the EU, 8% go to the U.S. or Canada and 16% to another country).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it