First records raise questions: DNA barcoding of Odonata in the middle of the Mediterranean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the results of the first-ever DNA barcoding study of odonates from the Maltese Islands. In total, 10 morphologically identified species were collected during a two-week long expedition in 2018. Eighty cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes were obtained from the collected specimens. Intra- and interspecific distances ranged from 0.00% to 2.24% and 0.48% to 17.62%, respectively. Successful species identification based on ascribing a single morphological species to a single Barcode Index Number (BIN) was achieved for eight species (80%). In the case of two species, Ischnura genei and Anax parthenope, BINs were shared with other closely related species. The taxonomic status of I. genei is questionable and the phylogenetic relationship between A. imperator/parthenope is not clear. Further studies involving a series of adult specimens collected in a wide spatial range and nuclear markers are necessary to resolve these cases. Therefore, this dataset serves as an initial DNA barcode reference library for Maltese odonates, within a larger project: Aquatic Macroinvertebrates DNA Barcode Library of Malta.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".