A Hybrid 4<sup>th</sup>-Order 4-Bit Continuous-Time ΔΣ Modulator in 65-nm CMOS Technology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports a fourth-order continuous-time (CT) delta-sigma modulator (DSM) that features a single biquad integrator, a passive integrator and an active integrator. A benefit is the low power consumption using only two opamps in comparison to 4 power-hungry opamps in the conventional fourth-order DSM. The proposed CT-DSM employs two Miller compensation opamps to satisfy the gain bandwidth (GBW) requirement and the loop gain requirement. In this design, the GBW is only 1.65 times higher than the sampling frequency and the open loop DC gain is much higher than the oversampling rate. A 4-bit flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and two feedback digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are employed in this design to complete the CT DSM including the feedback paths. The effective number of bits of the proposed CT-DSM is 14 bits with a peak SNR of 90.5 dB. The proposed design has a maximum bandwidth of 2 MHz with a power consumption less than 3 mW. Thus, it achieves an excellent figure of merit around 175 dB compared to existing state-of-the-art.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".