Using discrete element method (DEM) to create a cone penetration test (CPT)-based method to estimate the installation requirements of rotary-installed piles in sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deep foundations may be used in a range of soil types where significant foundation resistance is required, but their installation is often associated with disturbance due to noise and vibration. Greater restrictions on use in urban and offshore environments is now commonplace. Screw piles and rotary-jacked straight-shafted piles are two potential methods of silent piling that could be used as alternative foundation solutions, but the effects of certain geometric and installation properties such as installation pitch, i.e., the ratio between vertical displacement and rotation, on the required installation torque and force in sand are not well understood. In this paper, the effects of installation pitch and base geometry on the installation requirements of a straight-shafted pile are simulated in three dimensions using the discrete element method (DEM). The installation requirements of straight-shafted piles into sand have been validated against centrifuge testing in three different relative densities. The DEM shows reductions in installation force can be achieved by increasing the installation pitch or including a conical tip. An existing cone penetration test (CPT)-based prediction method for installation requirements has been improved to include the effects of installation pitch and base geometry for rotary-installed piles in sand.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".