University Internationalization, Immigration, and the Canadian Dream: How Federal Citizenship Immigration Legislation Marginalizes International Graduate Students
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An OverviewFrom 2014 to 2017, Canada's citizenship and immigration policies underwent significant changes that directly impacted international students in Canada, and through extension, the internationalization of Canadian higher education.At a time when "international education is critical to Canada's success" and "is at the heart of [Canada's] future prosperity" (Government of Canada 2014, p. 4), it is critical that scholars look at how citizenship and immigration policies are linked with the internationalization aspirations of higher education, as it relates to international student recruitment, support, and retention.Canada's International Education Strategy seeks to increase the number of international students studying in the country and to make it a global hub for education to compete with other host countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia.This article is part of a larger study that looked at the relationship between citizenship and immigration policies and the internationalization of higher education in Canada.Around the time when Canada published its International Education Strategy, the Canadian federal government and Citizenship and Immigration Canada, under the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada, reformed Canada's Citizenship Act.These changes significantly impacted international students studying in Canada (Adams, Macklin, and Omidvar 2014).These changes meant that international students were no longer given a time credit for the years they spent in Canada studying as an international student when applying to Canadian citizenship.They would also have to live in Canada for longer to be eligible for Canadian citizenship.Last, other federal policy changes dictated that only certified immigration consultants at the university could offer immigration advice, limiting how much support international students could get from the university on immigration matters.Some feared that these changes would marginalize international students and make Canada an unattractive place to study
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.050 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".