Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
VenuePhysical Review Letters · 2020
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Canadian institutionsCanadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsCanadian Institute for Advanced ResearchUniversity of TorontoPerimeter InstituteUniversity of Waterloo
FundersLos Alamos National LaboratoryOffice of International Science and EngineeringNational Key Research and Development Program of ChinaFondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación TecnológicaInstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareComisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y TecnológicaJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNational Nuclear Security AdministrationToray Science FoundationInstitut Périmètre de physique théoriqueIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareJunta de AndalucíaRecruitment Program of Global ExpertsRussian Science FoundationNational Astronomical Observatory of JapanUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoAcademy of FinlandMax-Planck-GesellschaftCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueMinistry of Science and Technology, TaiwanNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Research Foundation of KoreaMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesNuclear Safety and Security CommissionOntario Ministry of Research, Innovation and ScienceH2020 European Research CouncilGordon and Betty Moore FoundationMinistero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della RicercaGeneralitat ValencianaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaChina Scholarship CouncilMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyJohn Templeton FoundationEuropean Southern ObservatoryMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadInstituto de Astrofísica de AndalucíaConsejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de AndalucíaNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekChinese Academy of SciencesAcademia SinicaDepartment of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, IndiaDepartment of Science and Technology, Republic of South AfricaMinistero dello Sviluppo EconomicoKorea Astronomy and Space Science InstituteAssociated UniversitiesSpace Telescope Science InstituteInnovation, Science and Economic Development CanadaNational Research FoundationIndonesia Toray Science FoundationDirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversity of ChicagoHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeVetenskapsrådetInternational Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular MicrobiologySmithsonian InstitutionU.S. Department of EnergyKavli FoundationLeverhulme TrustEuropean CommissionNational Radio Astronomy ObservatoryHarvard UniversityUniversity of ArizonaMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyNational Institutes of Natural SciencesGovernment of CanadaNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationAlexander von Humboldt-StiftungCompute CanadaNational Science Foundation
KeywordsPhysicsBlack hole (networking)Shadow (psychology)Event horizonRotating black holeMetric (unit)AstrophysicsField (mathematics)Gravitational waveGravitational fieldHorizonClassical mechanicsEvent (particle physics)Astronomy
Abstract
fetched live from OpenAlexWe present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consider distinct representations of the visibility data. We show that the crescent family of models is statistically preferred over other comparably complex geometric models that we explore. We calibrate the geometric model parameters using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of the emission region and estimate physical properties of the source. We further fit images generated from GRMHD models directly to the data. We compare the derived emission region and black hole parameters from these analyses with those recovered from reconstructed images. There is a remarkable consistency among all methods and data sets. We find that >50% of the total flux at arcsecond scales comes from near the horizon, and that the emission is dramatically suppressed interior to this region by a factor >10, providing direct evidence of the predicted shadow of a black hole. Across all methods, we measure a crescent diameter of 423 as and constrain its fractional width to be <0.5. Associating the crescent feature with the emission surrounding the black hole shadow, we infer an angular gravitational radius of GM/Dc 2 =3.80.4 as. Folding in a distance measurement of -+ 16.8 Mpc 0.7 0.8 gives a black hole mass of = | | M M 6.5 0.2 0.7 10 stat sys 9
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.676
Threshold uncertainty score0.298
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Teacher spread0.221 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
