Exploring the Roles of 5-HTTLPR, STin2, 5-HT2A, and TPH2 Variants in Heroin Dependence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: Substance abuse is a major worldwide public health and social problem. The serotonergic system, specifically the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and postsynaptic activation of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A), may play a relevant role in substance dependence. This study investigated the association of 5-HTTLPR, serotonin transporter intron 2 (STin2), 5-HT2A, and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) variants with heroin dependence and determined genetic predispositions to heroin dependence and heroin co-occurring disorders.Methods: This study comprised 36 case and 24 control subjects. All participants completed self-reported questionnaires which included items regarding demographic information, the Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ), Eysenck Personality Inventory, Parental Bonding Instrument, and the Taiwanese version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. Heroin-dependent subjects underwent further examinations including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and venereal disease research laboratory tests. Genomic DNA was extracted from 3.5 mL of peripheral blood in all participants for genotyping of 5-HTTLPR, STin2, 5-HT2A, and TPH2. Results: The heroin-dependent subjects were older than the control subjects (t=19.091, p<0.001). Statistically significant differences in education level (t=83.66, p<0.001), sex distribution (χ2=32.642, p<0.001), marriage status (χ2=6.705, p=0.035), and smoking status (χ2=60.00, p<0.001) were observed between heroin-dependent and control subjects. The CHQ score in the heroin-dependent subjects was higher than that in the control group (t=20.944, p<0.001). Statistically significant differences in father care (t=5.031, p=0.029) and father protection (t=4.170, p=0.046) distributions were observed between heroin-dependent and control subjects. Conclusions: Older males, divorced subjects, and smokers had higher risks of heroin dependence, while subjects who received more education had a lower risk of heroin dependence. Heroin-dependent subjects had higher CHQ scores and lower father care and higher father protection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".