Baseline Levels of C-Reactive Protein and Proinflammatory Cytokines Are Not Associated With Early Response to Amisulpride in Patients With First Episode Psychosis: The OPTiMiSE Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Patients with a First-Episode of Psychosis (FEP) exhibit low-grade inflammation as demonstrated by elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and proinflammatory cytokines. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the association between proinflammatory biomarkers and clinical outcomes in unmedicated FEP patients. We used clinical data and biological samples from 289 FEP patients participating to the Optimization of Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Europe (OPTIMISE) clinical trial. Patients were assessed at baseline and 4–5 weeks after treatment with amisulpride. Baseline serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and CRP were measured. We first used multivariable regression to investigate the association between each of the 4 tested biomarkers and the following clinical outcomes: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Score for Schizophrenia (CDSS), remission according to Andreasen’s criteria, and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs). As a complementary approach, we used an unsupervised clustering method to stratify patients into an “inflamed” or a “non-inflamed” biotype based on baseline levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. We then used linear and logistic regressions to investigate the association between the patient biotype and clinical outcomes. After adjusting for covariates and confounders, we did not find any association between IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, CRP, or the patient biotype and clinical outcomes. Our results do not support the existence of an association between baseline levels of CRP and proinflammatory cytokines and early response to amisulpride in unmedicated FEP patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01248195.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".