Effects of brilliant green on human erythroleukemic K562 and breast adenocarcinoma MCF7 cell growth and on inhibition of human topoisomerase IIα
Bibliographic record
Abstract
780 Brilliant green (BG), ([4-[(4-diethylaminophenyl)-phenylmethylidene]-1-cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene]-diethylazanium; hydrogen sulfate), is a pH indicator, a topical antiseptic and a selective bacteriostatic agent in culture media. It has also been used to dye silk and wool. In this study, we showed that BG strongly inhibited the growth of human erythroleukemia K562 and breast adenocarcinoma MCF7 cells with IC50 values in the nanomolar concentration range. BG also inhibited the DNA decatenation activity of human topoisomerase IIα (topo II) in the micromolar concentration range. BG stabilized the DNA-topo II covalent complex, and thus may act as a topo II poison. The growth inhibitory effects of BG on K562 and K/VP.5 cells (an etoposide-resistant cell line containing one-fifth the topo II content of the parental K562 cells) were not significantly different, a result which suggested that BG acted differently than etoposide. GB induced apoptosis in K562 cells as measured by flow cytometry using annexin V-FITC and PI staining. When K562 cells were treated with GB, the fraction of cells in S phase were increased. However, cells were not able to complete the G2/M phase. BG may directly react with DNA since it increased the DNA melting temperature of sonicated calf thymus DNA. In conclusion, our results indicate that BG may have potent antitumor activity. BG may exert its action by inhibiting the decatenation activity of topo II, by acting as a topo II poison and by directly reacting with DNA. Support: CIHR and a Canada Research Chair in Drug Development to BH, and NIH RO1 CA90787 to JCY.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".