UK Ammonia Emissions Estimated With Satellite Observations and GEOS‐Chem
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Agricultural emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ) impact air quality, human health, and the vitality of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In the UK, there are few direct policies regulating anthropogenic NH 3 emissions and development of sustainable mitigation measures necessitates reliable emissions estimates. Here, we use observations of column densities of NH 3 from two space‐based sensors (IASI and CrIS) with the GEOS‐Chem model to derive top‐down NH 3 emissions for the UK at fine spatial (∼10 km) and time (monthly) scales. We focus on March‐September when there is adequate spectral signal to reliably retrieve NH 3 . We estimate total emissions of 272 Gg from IASI and 389 Gg from CrIS. Bottom‐up emissions are 27% less than IASI and 49% less than CrIS. There are also differences in seasonality. Top‐down and bottom‐up emissions agree on a spring April peak due to fertilizer and manure application, but there is also a comparable summer July peak in the top‐down emissions that is not in the bottom‐up emissions and appears to be associated with dairy cattle farming. We estimate relative errors in the top‐down emissions of 11%–36% for IASI and 9%–27% for CrIS, dominated by column density retrieval errors. The bottom‐up versus top‐down emissions discrepancies estimated in this work impact model predictions of the environmental damage caused by NH 3 emissions and warrant further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".