Dimension Stone Water Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity: An Interlaboratory Study of the Influence of Size, Shape, and Test Methodology on Properties Determination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three laboratories independently conducted round-robin testing for determining percentage water absorption and bulk specific gravity of several types of dimension stone. The primary objectives of the study were to evaluate interlaboratory variation associated with this testing, to evaluate the influence of the wetting method between ASTM and European procedures, and to better understand the effect of specimen shape/size and immersion duration. Each laboratory tested 15 different stone types of varying shape and size in accordance with ASTM C97, Standard Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension Stone. Specimen sizes included 3- and 2-in. cubes to evaluate the effect of the limits of ASTM specimen size requirements on test results. Subsequent testing was performed on 1½-in.-thick and ⅜-in.-thick plates cut from the 3-in. cube specimens to evaluate the effect of reduced specimen thickness on test results, as the fabrication of 2-in. minimum cube specimens is often impractical (e.g., stone tile or thin-stone cladding) and in some cases not possible (e.g., forensic evaluation of thin applications). The laboratories also tested the absorption of each stone type in accordance with the European Standard EN 13755 to evaluate the effect of the prescribed wetting method that differs from the ASTM method. The EN procedure prescribes the gradual immersion of specimens, whereas the ASTM procedure prescribes immediate and complete immersion. The EN procedure also prescribes weighing the wetted specimens every 24 h until constant mass is achieved, whereas the ASTM procedure prescribes 48-h immersion. Results of this testing are presented in figures and tables to compare the results from the three laboratories and analyze the effects of differences in the wetting method, specimen shape/size, and immersion duration on property determination. This paper provides an interpretation and discussion of the test results and presents proposed modifications to the ASTM C97 test procedure as appropriate (e.g., longer immersion duration or accommodation for thin specimens).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".