C3 Glomerulopathy: A Review with Emphasis on Ultrastructural Features
Bibliographic record
Abstract
C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a rare disease resulting from dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway, resulting in the deposition of complement component 3 (C3) in the kidney. It encompasses two major subgroups: dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN). Although the alternative complement pathway is typically a very tightly controlled system, dysregulation can be a result of genetic mutations in the fluid phase or membrane-bound inhibitors or accelerators. In addition, de novo/acquired autoantibodies against any of the regulatory proteins can alter complement activation either by negating an inhibitor or activating an accelerator. Triggering events can be complex; however, the final pathway is characterized by the uncontrolled deposition of C3 in glomeruli and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Light microscopic findings can be quite heterogeneous with a membranoproliferative pattern most commonly encountered. Diagnostic confirmation of C3G is based on a characteristic pattern of glomerular immunofluorescence staining, with C3-dominant deposits that are at least 2 orders of intensity greater than staining for any immunoglobulin (Ig) or C1q. Electron microscopy is necessary for diagnosing DDD in particular, but can also help to distinguish C3GN from other glomerular disease mimickers.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".