Bibliographic record
Abstract
William James was an American psychologist and philosopher who worked across those fields to investigate the nature of consciousness, experience and free will. A founding figure in the study of modern psychology in the United States, James went on to establish what he described as ‘the method’ of Pragmatism and the philosophical orientation that he called ‘radical Empiricism’. Born in New York, James was the son of Henry James Sr., a Swedenborgian theologian, the godson of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), and the brother of novelist Henry James (1843–1916). James’s writings and lectures on psychology, religion, metaphysics, epistemology and education influenced a range of intellectuals and artists, including Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963), Gertrude Stein (1874–1946), Wallace Stevens (1879–1955), Robert Frost (1874–1963), Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951), Hilary Putnam (1926–2016) and Richard Rorty (1931–2007).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".