Real-Time Imaging of the Pore Structure Changes in Permafrost Induced by Thawing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The pores within permafrost can be altered significantly when they are subjected to freeze and thaw cycles. This alteration of the porous media can lead to modifications of mechanical and physical features that impact the electro-elastic properties of samples. The objective of this study is to document changes in morphological properties of the macropores and the throat networks within permafrost samples and understand the evolution of the morphological properties of the samples. The experiments were performed on four reference samples fabricated from compacted Ottawa sand (grain size 143 μm and 293 μm) that was partially saturated with a saline solution with salinity ratios that ranged from 1.5 wt% to 3.0 wt%. X-ray computed tomography images were used to characterize the pore and throat network by quantifying attributes such as the size of pores, their spatial distribution within the sample and their circularity. The results of these experiments suggest that pores and pore-throat volumes reduced 50% when the samples are completely thawed. Results also suggest that the grain size is the most important variable in the control of the morphology of pore network.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".