Wood-derived biochar as thick electrodes for high-rate performance supercapacitors
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Developing effective electrodes with commercial-level active mass-loading (> 10 mg cm −2 ) is vital for the practical application of supercapacitors. However, high active mass-loading usually requires thick active mass layer, which severely hinders the ion/electron transport and results in poor capacitive performance. Herein, a self-standing biochar electrode with active mass-loading of ca. 40 mg cm −2 and thickness of 800 µm has been developed from basswood. The basswood was treated with formamide to incorporate N/O in the carbon structure, followed by mild KOH activation to ameliorate the pore size and introduce more O species in the carbon matrix. The as-prepared carbon monoliths possess well conductive carbon skeleton, abundant N/O dopant and 3D porous structure, which are favorable for the ion/electron transport and promoting capacitance performance. The self-standing carbon electrode not only exhibits the maximum areal/mass/volumetric specific capacitance of 5037.5 mF cm −2 /172.5 F g −1 /63.0 F cm −3 at 2 mA cm −2 (0.05 A g −1 ), but also displays excellent rate performance with 76% capacitance retention at 500 mA cm −2 (12.5 A g −1 ) in a symmetric supercapacitor, surpassing the state-of-art biomass-based thick carbon electrode. The assembled model can power typical electron devices including a fan, a digital watch and a logo made up of 34 light-emitting diodes for a proper period, revealing its practical application potential. This study not only puts forward a commercial-level high active mass-loading electrode from biomass for supercapacitor, but also bridges the gap between the experimental research and practical application. Graphical abstract
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it