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The Relationship of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization and Population-Based Sibling Comparison Study
Frank R. Wendt, Miguel Garcia‐Argibay, Brenda Cabrera‐Mendoza, Unnur Valdimarsdóttir, Joel Gelernter, Murray B. Stein, Michel G. Nivard, Adam X. Maihofer, Karmel W. Choi, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Nikolaos P. Daskalakis, Christy A. Denckla, Elizabeth Ketema, Rajendra A. Morey, Renato Polimanti, Andrew Ratanatharathorn, Katy Torres, Aliza P. Wingo, Clement C. Zai, Allison E. Aiello, Lynn M. Almli, Ananda B. Amstadter, Søren Bo Andersen, Ole A. Andreassen, Paul A. Arbisi, Allison E. Ashley‐Koch, S. Bryn Austin, Esmina Avdibegović, Anders D. Børglum, Dragan Babić, Marie Bækvad‐Hansen, Dewleen G. Baker, Jean C. Beckham, Laura J. Bierut, Jonathan I. Bisson, Marco P. Boks, Elizabeth Bolger, Bekh Bradley, Meghan Brashear, Gerome Breen, Richard A. Bryant, Angela C. Bustamante, Jonas Bybjerg‐Grauholm, Joseph R. Calabrese, José Miguel Caldas‐de‐Almeida, Chia‐Yen Chen, Anders M. Dale, Shareefa Dalvie, Jürgen Deckert, Douglas L. Delahanty, Michelle F. Dennis, Seth G. Disner, Katharina Domschke, Laramie E. Duncan, Alma Džubur Kulenović, Christopher R. Erbes, Alexandra Evans, Lindsay A. Farrer, Norah C. Feeny, Janine D. Flory, David Forbes, Carol E. Franz, Sandro Galea, Melanie E. Garrett, Aarti Gautam, Bizu Gelaye, Charles F. Gillespie, Aferdita Goci Uka, Scott D. Gordon, Guia Guffanti, Rasha Hammamieh, Michael A. Hauser, Andrew C. Heath, Sian Hemmings, David M. Hougaard, Miro Jakovljević, Marti Jett, Eric O. Johnson, Ian Jones, Tanja Jovanović, Xuejun Qin, Karen‐Inge Karstoft, Milissa L. Kaufman, Ronald C. Kessler, Alaptagin Khan, Nathan A. Kimbrel, Anthony P. King, Nastassja Koen, Henry R. Kranzler, William S. Kremen, Bruce R. Lawford, Lauren A. M. Lebois, Israel Liberzon, Sarah D. Linnstaedt, Mark W. Logue, Adriana Lori, Božo Lugonja, Jurjen J. Luykx, Michael J. Lyons, Jessica L. Maples‐Keller, Charles R. Marmar, Nicholas G. Martin, Douglas Maurer, Matig Mavissakalian, Alexander C. McFarlane, Regina E. McGlinchey, Katie A. McLaughlin, Samuel A. McLean, Divya Mehta, Rebecca Mellor, Vasiliki Michopoulos, William Milberg, Mark W. Miller, C. Phillip Morris, Ole Mors, Preben Bo Mortensen, Elliot C. Nelson, Merete Nordentoft, Sonya B. Norman, Meaghan O’Donnell, Holly K. Orcutt, Matthew S. Panizzon, Edward Peters, Alan L. Peterson, Matthew Peverill, Robert H. Pietrzak, Melissa A. Polusny, John P. Rice, Victoria B. Risbrough, Andrea L. Roberts, Alex O. Rothbaum, Barbara O. Rothbaum, Peter Roy‐Byrne, Kenneth J. Ruggiero, Ariane L. Rung, Bart P. F. Rutten, Nancy L. Saccone, Sixto E. Sánchez, Dick Schijven, Soraya Seedat, Antonia V. Seligowski, Julia S. Seng, Christina M. Sheerin, Derrick Silove, Alicia K. Smith, Jordan W. Smoller, Scott R. Sponheim, Dan J. Stein, Jennifer S. Stevens, Martin H. Teicher, Wesley K. Thompson, Edward Trapido, Monica Uddin, Robert J. Ursano, Leigh L. van den Heuvel, Miranda Van Hooff, Eric Vermetten, Christiaan H. Vinkers, Joanne Voisey, Yunpeng Wang, Zhewu Wang, Thomas Werge, Michelle A. Williams, Douglas E. Williamson, Sherry Winternitz, Christiane Wolf, Erika J. Wolf, Rachel Yehuda, Keith A. Young, Ross McD. Young, Hongyu Zhao, Lori A. Zoellner, Magali Haas, Heather C. Lasseter, Allison C. Provost, Rany M. Salem, Jonathan Sebat, Richard A. Shaffer, Tianying Wu, Stephan Ripke, Mark J. Daly, Kerry J. Ressler, Karestan C. Koenen, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Henrik Larsson, Manuel Mattheisen, Sandra Meier
Bibliographic record
VenueBiological Psychiatry · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Canadian institutionsDalhousie University
FundersNational Institute on Deafness and Other Communication DisordersNational Institute on Drug AbuseNational Institute of Mental HealthNational Institutes of HealthNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekJacobs FoundationStanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad InstituteZonMwOne MindCohen Veterans BioscienceBroad InstituteCanadian Institutes of Health ResearchU.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
KeywordsMendelian randomizationSiblingPsychologyAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderPosttraumatic stressClinical psychologyPopulationSample (material)PsychiatryDevelopmental psychologyMedicineGenetics
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.023
Threshold uncertainty score0.852
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.057
GPT teacher head0.344
Teacher spread0.287 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations33
Published2022
Admission routes2
Has abstractno