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Record W4306722853 · doi:10.1093/yiel/yvac019

2. Canada

2021· article· en· W4306722853 on OpenAlexaffabout
Linny Kit Tong Ng

Bibliographic record

VenueYearbook of International Environmental Law · 2021
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicEnvironmental Policies and Emissions
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsConstitutionalityLawAppealJurisdictionSupreme courtTribunalParliamentPolitical scienceBusinessPoliticsEnvironmental protectionPublic administrationGeography

Abstract

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In the past year, unfazed by the logistical challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, Canada continued to make substantial legal and political advancements towards a more robust regime of environmental protection. In terms of federal case law, the References re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act reached the Supreme Court of Canada, where it was confirmed in March that the federal Parliament has the jurisdiction to enact minimum national standards of a greenhouse gas pricing law (2021 SCC 11, <https://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/cb/2021/38663-38781-39116-eng.aspx>). Hence, the constitutionality of the 2018 Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act was also upheld. At a subnational level, provincially, the British Columbia Court of Appeal declared, in Victory Motors (Abbotsford) Ltd v Actton Super-Save Gas Stations Ltd (Victory Motors), that the Environmental Management Act does not preclude ‘full indemnification’ of all legal costs reasonably incurred from remediating contaminated land (2021 BCCA 129, <https://www.bccourts.ca/jdb-txt/ca/21/01/2021BCCA0129.htm>). The Ontario Divisional Court in September found in Greenpeace Canada (2471256 Canada Inc) that the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing failed to comply with the public consultation requirements under section 15 of the Environmental Bill of Rights (EBR), prior to expanding Ministerial Zoning Orders on the Environmental Registry (2021 ONSC 4521, <https://www.canlii.org/en/on/onscdc/doc/2021/2021onsc4521/2021onsc4521.html?autocompleteStr=2021%20ONSC%204521&autocompletePos=1>). It should also be noted that the Local Planning Appeal Tribunal, Environmental Review Tribunal, Board of Negotiation, Conservation Review Board, and the Mining and Lands Tribunal have been consolidated into a singular institution: the Ontario Land Tribunal (OLT).

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.759
Threshold uncertainty score0.972

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0290.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.003
GPT teacher head0.175
Teacher spread0.172 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2021
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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