Wave exposure affects the persistence of kelp beds amidst outbreaks of the invasive bryozoan Membranipora membranacea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In certain regions of the northwest Atlantic, rocky subtidal habitats have transitioned from luxuriant kelp beds to turf dominated ecosystems. Encrustation by the invasive epiphytic bryozoan Membranipora membranacea has accelerated the defoliation of macroalgal stands, particularly on the southwestern shore (SWS) of Nova Scotia. In contrast, at the Eastern Shore Islands (ESI) in Nova Scotia, a temperate island archipelago with relatively high wave exposure, kelp beds persist. We investigated how spatial and temporal dynamics of the dominant kelps (Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata) and M. membranacea relate to wave exposure. We examined canopy cover and density of kelps using video transects and quadrat sampling at 6 sites of different wave exposures at ESI and a highly wave exposed site on the SWS (Shag Rock), where kelp also persists, in summer and autumn 2018-2020. We measured percent cover of adult colonies of M. membranacea on kelps from autumn 2018 to autumn 2020, and density of settlers in 2019. Colony cover of M. membranacea was comparable across the range of wave exposures at ESI, whereas settler density peaked at intermediate wave exposure. Despite annual outbreaks of the bryozoan, kelp beds at ESI persisted over multiple years, in contrast to a declining trend at Shag Rock. Overwinter recovery of kelps at ESI following bryozoan-induced seasonal declines the preceding autumn indicate that, in contrast to sites on the SWS, these colder more wave exposed kelp beds may be resilient to defoliation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".