Two year cognitive and biomarker change in a racially diverse, middle‐aged, cohort at risk for Alzheimer’s disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) incidence among Black/African Americans (B/AA) is 64% higher than non‐Hispanic Whites (NHW). Studies show CSF total and phosphorylated tau are lower in cognitively unimpaired middle‐aged B/AAs compared to NHWs. Cognitive changes in B/AA adults are associated with smaller increases in CSF tau. We examined rate of cognitive and CSF AD biomarker change, over two years, in a cognitively unimpaired, racially diverse, middle‐aged cohort with a parental history of AD. Method Cognitive tests (MOCA, Trails B, Digit Span, Benson Delay, Buschke Delay, and MINT) were collected at baseline (BL), 1 year (Y1), and 2 years (Y2). CSF was collected at BL and Y2 for AD biomarkers (Aβ and tau) and sPDGFRβ, an index of blood brain barrier damage. Analyses controlled for age, sex, race, education, and APOE4. Result Participants (N=80) were mostly female (69%), highly educated (81% ≥college), and 34% B/AA. B/AAs exhibited lower levels of p‐tau, t‐tau, and sPDGFRβ at BL and Y2 compared to NHWs (p≤0.02). P‐tau increased from BL to Y2 for all participants (p<0.01). NHWs outperformed B/AAs in 7/7 cognitive tests at baseline and 6/7 at Y2. Digit Span improved from BL to Y2 (p=0.014) for all participants. Analyses by race demonstrated improvements for MOCA and Buschke Delay among B/AAs, and improvements for Trails B and Benson Delay among NHWs. There was a difference in rate of change over time by race in Benson Delay (F=8.22, p=0.0055). Linear models showed positive associations between Trails B and p‐tau and sPDGFRβ (p≤0.05). Negative associations were found between Benson Delay and p‐tau and t‐tau (p≤0.04), between MINT and sPDGFRβ, p‐tau, and t‐tau (p=0.04), and between Bushcke Delay and sPDGFRβ (p=0.03). Conclusion While cognitive scores changed over time, group analyses showed improvements among B/AA participants in verbal memory and global cognition, while NHW participants improved in tests of processing speed and visuospatial memory. CSF p‐tau increased over 2 years. As CSF AD biomarkers were predictive of cognitive function scores, AD pathologic processes may begin earlier in at‐risk adults. Further study of race‐associated differences in AD biomarkers is needed, as these differences may contribute to AD‐related health disparities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".