Performance of landfill low-permeability liners for minimizing groundwater contamination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low-permeability liners are required at the base of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills to minimize leachate leakage and contaminant migration into groundwater. This paper uses a two-dimensional coupled groundwater flow and contaminant transport model to examine the performance of three types of low-permeability liners specified by the current Chinese landfill standard: (1) a compacted clay liner (CCL), (2) a geomembrane (GMB) overlying a CCL, and (3) a GMB overlying a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) on a CCL. The model simulates leachate leaking and contaminant migrating over the entire base of the landfill for the CCL and through the holed GMB wrinkles for the GMB composite liners. The performance of each type of low-permeability liners was evaluated and compared in terms of leakage rate and peak impact of chloride on the aquifer. Based on liner cases and conditions examined in this paper, the results show that the three types of low-permeability liners are not equivalent for minimizing the leakage rate and chloride impact on the aquifer. The GMB + GCL + CCL performs the best among the three low-permeability liners, and is effective for limiting the peak chloride impact on the aquifer below the acceptable level in drinking water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".