Alkali-activated fly ash cured with pulsed microwave and thermal oven: A comparison of reaction products, microstructure and compressive strength
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reaction products and microstructure of an 8 M NaOH-activated fly ash (AAFA) cured with microwave and thermal oven curing were comparatively investigated. The results show that the formation of an Al-rich N-A-S-H gel with a flaky morphology and crystalline chabazite-Na between fly ash particles were favoured under the microwave curing, whilst a Si-rich N-A-S-H gel with a fibrilllar morphology and crystalline hydroxysodalite on the surface of fly ash particles were dominant under the thermal oven curing. The formation of these unique reaction products and microstructure under the microwave curing is attributed not only to the thermal effect of microwaves which can increase the temperature of AAFA volumetrically, but also to the non-thermal effects of microwaves which can promote the dissolution and diffusion of silica and alumina during the AAFA reaction process. This explains why AAFA can achieve a high early strength within a short period of microwave curing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".